Research
Every claim on a peptide page carries its own evidence grade and, where one exists, a link to the exact source. Below is how grading works, every source cited on the site, and our own articles on the research.
How evidence is graded
Each claim gets its own grade. A strong grade for one claim says nothing about the others on the same page, and no grade means an unregulated product matches what was studied.
| Grade | What it means |
|---|---|
| Strong human data | Supported by randomized or well powered human trials. It does not mean an unregulated product matches what was tested. |
| Limited human data | Small, early, or uncontrolled human studies. Worth noting, but not settled. |
| Animal data only | Seen in animals or lab studies only. Not shown in people, and many findings like this do not carry over. |
| Anecdotal only | Community reports without formal study. Placebo effects and selective reporting cannot be ruled out. |
| No / insufficient data | No meaningful evidence either way. |
Our research
Plain language articles we write on new studies, regulation, and safety.
Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show
Retatrutide side effects from the new phase 3 trials: nausea rates by dose, the tingling skin effect called dysesthesia, heart rate, and who quit.
BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
BPC-157 human trials are finally starting in the US. What the new Arkansas study will test, when results could land, and what human data exists today.
Empower Pharmacy warning letter: what it means in 2026
The FDA warned Empower Pharmacy over compounded tirzepatide and semaglutide. What the letter says, whether compounded GLP-1s are still legal, and what to check.
Retatrutide in 2026: new phase 3 data and a closing access window
The strongest weight loss numbers yet landed this year, at the same time a court fight over what retatrutide legally is threatens to end research and compounded access. Here is what the evidence shows and what is actually changing.
Where peptide compounding rules stand after the 2026 FDA votes
The FDA spent 2026 deciding which bulk peptides pharmacies may compound. Here is what changed, what the July advisory votes did, and why the rules still leave most research peptides unapproved.
A vial is only as trustworthy as its Certificate of Analysis
Research material is unregulated, so the label is a claim, not a guarantee. A recent third party Certificate of Analysis is the closest thing to proof you can get before you trust a vial.
Sources cited on this site
115 distinct sources, each listed once even when several pages cite it.
115 of 115 sources
Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, 503A bulk drug substances review (includes BPC-157)
U.S. Food & Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in BPC-157, BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study, Retatrutide in 2026: new phase 3 data and a closing access window, Where peptide compounding rules stand after the 2026 FDA votes
FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, July 23 to 24, 2026: BPC-157 Related Bulk Drug Substances
U.S. Food & Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List 2026
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in BPC-157, CJC-1295, GLOW, Ipamorelin, KLOW, MOTS-c, TB-500, Wolverine
Therapeutic Peptides in Aesthetic, Metabolic and Endocrine Conditions: Effects, Safety, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives
Renke G, Chinellato L (International Journal of Molecular Sciences) 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in Cerebrolysin, Selank
The emerging landscape of performance-enhancing peptides modulating GH-IGF1 axis: bridging the gap between clinical evidence and patient self-administration
Dominikowski A et al. (Frontiers in Endocrinology) 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in CJC-1295, Ipamorelin
Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks
U.S. Food & Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in CJC-1295, GHK-Cu, GLOW, Ipamorelin, KLOW, KPV, Melanotan II, MOTS-c, Selank, Wolverine
FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, July 23 to 24, 2026: Epitalon Related Bulk Drug Substances
U.S. Food & Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Epitalon
Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (categories list)
U.S. Food & Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, July 23 to 24, 2026: TB-500 Related Bulk Drug Substances
U.S. Food & Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, July 23 to 24, 2026: KPV Related Bulk Drug Substances
U.S. Food & Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, July 23 to 24, 2026: MOTS-c Related Bulk Drug Substances
U.S. Food & Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in MOTS-c
Intravenous infusion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) versus nicotinamide riboside (NR): a retrospective tolerability pilot study in a real-world setting
Reyna K et al. (Frontiers in Aging) 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Cohort study
Cited in NAD+
Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act
U.S. Food & Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in NAD+
Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered powerful weight loss in pivotal Phase 3 obesity trial (TRIUMPH-1 topline results, announced 21 May 2026)
Eli Lilly and Company 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Manufacturer statement
Cited in Retatrutide, Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show, Retatrutide in 2026: new phase 3 data and a closing access window
The Effect of Retatrutide Once Weekly on Cardiovascular Outcomes and Kidney Outcomes in Adults Living With Obesity (TRIUMPH-Outcomes), NCT06383390. Estimated completion February 2029.
ClinicalTrials.gov 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Retatrutide, Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show, Retatrutide in 2026: new phase 3 data and a closing access window
FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, July 23 to 24, 2026: Semax Related Bulk Drug Substances
U.S. Food & Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Semax
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4 17-23 Fragment) trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in TB-500
Retatrutide, a Triple Hormone Receptor Agonist, for Treatment of Obesity (TRIUMPH-1), N Engl J Med, 29 September 2026
Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Davies MJ, Wilding JPH, et al.; TRIUMPH-1 Investigators 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show
Retatrutide in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes (TRIUMPH-2): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet, 29 September 2026
Bellido V, le Roux CW, Ekinci EI, Bjornstad P, Frias JP, et al. 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show
Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered substantial weight loss and A1C reduction in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes (TRIUMPH-2, 29 September 2026)
Eli Lilly and Company 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Manufacturer statement
Cited in Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show
Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, demonstrated significant reductions in A1C and weight in first Phase 3 trial for type 2 diabetes (TRANSCEND-T2D-1, 19 March 2026)
Eli Lilly and Company 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Manufacturer statement
Cited in Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show
Lilly, with new data, to seek FDA approval of obesity drug retatrutide (TRIUMPH-2 and TRIUMPH-3 toplines, 23 July 2026)
BioPharma Dive 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show
FDA's Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss (updated 1 October 2026)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show
Warning letter: Royal Peptides LLC, MARCS-CMS 734884, 24 August 2026
U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show
Lilly calls on online platforms, payment companies and regulators to shut down the illegal retatrutide black market (12 August 2026)
Eli Lilly and Company 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Manufacturer statement
Cited in Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show
Impact of BPC-157 on Recovery Following Rotator Cuff Repair Surgery (NCT07803250)
University of Arkansas, via ClinicalTrials.gov 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
BPC 157 for Acute Hamstring Muscle Strain Repair (NCT07437547)
Hudson Biotech, via ClinicalTrials.gov 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
From Regeneration to Analgesia: The Role of BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Management
Yuan C et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine
Tewari K et al., American Journal of Sports Medicine 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
FDA advisory committee votes to add popular peptide BPC-157 to drug compounding list
ABC News 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
Pharmacy Law Lowdown: FDA's Evaluation of Peptides
Drug Topics 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
Warning Letter: Empower Clinic Services, LLC dba Empower Pharmacy, 738238, September 18, 2026
U.S. FDA 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Empower Pharmacy warning letter: what it means in 2026
FDA clarifies policies for compounders as national GLP-1 supply begins to stabilize
U.S. FDA 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Empower Pharmacy warning letter: what it means in 2026
Attorney General Marshall leads coalition alerting National Security Council to exploitation of FDA approved drugs by China supply chain (September 18, 2026)
Alabama Attorney General's Office 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Empower Pharmacy warning letter: what it means in 2026
Tennessee joins 20 state coalition warning of national security risks in pharmaceutical supply chain (September 23, 2026)
Tennessee Attorney General's Office 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Empower Pharmacy warning letter: what it means in 2026
Compounder Empower receives FDA warning letter over GLP-1s (September 22, 2026)
Endpoints News 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in Empower Pharmacy warning letter: what it means in 2026
Retatrutide Achieves Up to 30.3% Average Weight Loss in Phase 3 TRIUMPH-1 Trial (full data presented at the 2026 ADA Scientific Sessions)
American Journal of Managed Care 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Retatrutide in 2026: new phase 3 data and a closing access window
Lilly, FDA retatrutide biologic dispute comes to a head as submission nears
BioSpace 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in Retatrutide in 2026: new phase 3 data and a closing access window
FDA peptide panel narrowly votes to add unapproved drugs to compounding list (27 July 2026)
Partnership for Safe Medicines 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in Retatrutide in 2026: new phase 3 data and a closing access window, Where peptide compounding rules stand after the 2026 FDA votes
FDA considers adding a dozen peptides to its bulk drug compounding list
Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society (RAPS) 2026 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Where peptide compounding rules stand after the 2026 FDA votes
Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide, Literature and Patent Review
Pharmaceuticals (MDPI) 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in BPC-157
BPC-157 benefits, dosage, and side effects (evidence overview)
Examine.com 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in BPC-157
Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation
PMC (in vitro and preclinical study) 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Lab study
Cited in Epitalon
Overview of Epitalon: Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties
Cited in Epitalon
MOTS-c restores mitochondrial respiration in the type 2 diabetic heart
PMC (preclinical study) 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Animal study
Cited in MOTS-c
Efficacy and safety of retatrutide for obesity: a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials
PMC (peer reviewed meta analysis) 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in Retatrutide
Tirzepatide for obesity: weight reduction and tolerability across the SURMOUNT trials
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Tirzepatide
Advance Insulin Injection Technique and Education With FITTER Forward Expert Recommendations
Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in How and where to inject, What to buy: syringes, needles, and the rest of the kit
Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing
McGuire FP et al., Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study
Lee E, Burgess K, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Case report
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
Texas outsourcer in Lilly's compounded tirzepatide lawsuit hit with FDA warning letter
FiercePharma 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in Empower Pharmacy warning letter: what it means in 2026
Retatrutide Achieves Up to 28.7% Weight Loss and Marked Knee Pain Reduction in Phase 3 TRIUMPH-4 Trial
Patient Care Online 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Retatrutide in 2026: new phase 3 data and a closing access window
District Court Sets Aside FDA's Interpretation of "Analogous" to a Protein for Purposes of the "Biological Product" Category (S.D. Indiana, 30 September 2025)
Goodwin (Life Sciences alert) 2025 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Retatrutide in 2026: new phase 3 data and a closing access window
User experiences of Melanotan II injection for tanning
British Journal of Dermatology 2024 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in Melanotan II
Advice on the use of injecting tanning agents such as Melanotan
Drugs.ie (harm reduction guidance) 2024 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in Melanotan II
Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial
Nature Medicine 2024 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Retatrutide
Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial
Nature Medicine 2024 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Semaglutide
Semaglutide prescribing information and drug overview
U.S. FDA / Drugs.com 2024 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Semaglutide
Sermorelin (Geref): approved use for growth hormone deficiency and drug overview
U.S. FDA / Drugs.com 2024 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Sermorelin
Tesamorelin (Egrifta) prescribing information and drug overview
U.S. FDA / Drugs.com 2024 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Tesamorelin
Tirzepatide prescribing information and drug overview
U.S. FDA / Drugs.com 2024 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Tirzepatide
Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study
Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2024 (opens source in a new tab)· Case report
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
FDA's concerns with unapproved GLP-1 drugs used for weight loss
U.S. FDA 2024 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Empower Pharmacy warning letter: what it means in 2026
Cerebrolysin in patients with traumatic brain injury: systematic review and meta-analysis
PMC (systematic review) 2023 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in Cerebrolysin
Triple Hormone Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity, a Phase 2 Trial
New England Journal of Medicine 2023 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Retatrutide, Retatrutide in 2026: new phase 3 data and a closing access window
Optimising Insulin Injection Techniques to Improve Diabetes Outcomes
Diabetes Therapy (PMC) 2023 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in How and where to inject
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity, a Phase 2 Trial, N Engl J Med 2023
Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al. 2023 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Retatrutide side effects 2026: what phase 3 trials show
Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022 (opens source in a new tab)· Animal study
Cited in BPC-157
LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b multiple ascending dose trial
The Lancet 2022 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Retatrutide
NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing
Covarrubias AJ et al. (Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology) 2021 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in NAD+
Sedative-hypnotic agents that impact gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors: focus on flunitrazepam, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, phenibut, and selank
Doyno CR, White CM (Journal of Clinical Pharmacology) 2021 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in Selank
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1)
New England Journal of Medicine 2021 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Semaglutide
Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1)
The Lancet 2021 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Tirzepatide
Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain
Lee E, Padgett B, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2021 (opens source in a new tab)· Case report
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke (Cochrane systematic review)
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in Cerebrolysin
Growth hormone secretagogues: history, mechanism of action, and clinical development
JCSM Rapid Communications 2020 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in CJC-1295, Ipamorelin, Sermorelin
Beyond the androgen receptor: the role of growth hormone secretagogues in the modern management of body composition in hypogonadal males
Sinha DK et al. (Translational Andrology and Urology) 2020 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in Ipamorelin
Sobriety and Satiety: Is NAD+ the Answer?
Braidy N et al. (Antioxidants) 2020 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in NAD+
KPV ameliorates LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier damage
PMC (preclinical study) 2019 (opens source in a new tab)· Animal study
Cited in KPV
A Pilot Study Investigating Changes in the Human Plasma and Urine NAD+ Metabolome During a 6 Hour Intravenous Infusion of NAD
Grant R et al. (Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience) 2019 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in NAD+
Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) approval and the RECONNECT phase 3 trials
U.S. FDA / Obstetrics & Gynecology 2019 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in PT-141
Selank, peptide analogue of tuftsin, protects against ethanol-induced memory impairment by regulating of BDNF content in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in rats
Kolik LG et al. (Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine) 2019 (opens source in a new tab)· Animal study
Cited in Selank
Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial
The Lancet HIV 2019 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Tesamorelin
The Injection Technique Factor: What You Don't Know or Teach Can Make a Difference
Clinical Diabetes, American Diabetes Association 2019 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in How and where to inject
Hospira, Inc. Issues A Voluntary Nationwide Recall for one lot of BACTERIOSTATIC WATER for Injection, USP, due to a Potential Lack of Sterility Assurance (lot W20308)
Pfizer 2019 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in What to buy: syringes, needles, and the rest of the kit
Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data
International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2018 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in GHK-Cu
Peptide-based anxiolytics: the molecular aspects of heptapeptide Selank biological activity
Vyunova TV et al. (Protein and Peptide Letters) 2018 (opens source in a new tab)· Animal study
Cited in Selank
The efficacy of semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke (in Russian)
Gusev EI et al. (Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii) 2018 (opens source in a new tab)· Cohort study
Cited in Semax
Selank nasal drops 0.15%: instructions for medical use, registration no. LRS-003338/09 (in Russian)
Peptogen (manufacturer) 2017 (opens source in a new tab)· Manufacturer statement
Cited in Selank
Semax nasal drops 0.1%: instructions for medical use, registration no. LS-002553 (in Russian)
Peptogen (manufacturer) 2017 (opens source in a new tab)· Manufacturer statement
Cited in Semax
Notice of Opportunity for Hearing: Edward Manookian (proposed debarment over sales of Melanotan II)
U.S. Food & Drug Administration 2016 (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Melanotan II
MOTS-c: a novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolism
PMC (peer reviewed review) 2016 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in MOTS-c
Selank administration affects the expression of some genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission
Volkova A et al. (Frontiers in Pharmacology) 2016 (opens source in a new tab)· Animal study
Cited in Selank
Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN-6)
New England Journal of Medicine 2016 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Semaglutide
PCO-02 Safety and Pharmacokinetics Trial (NCT02637284)
PharmaCotherapia d.o.o., via ClinicalTrials.gov 2015 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients
Beck DE et al. (International Journal of Colorectal Disease) 2014 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Ipamorelin
A comparison of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of selank and phenazepam in the treatment of anxiety disorders (in Russian)
Medvedev VE et al. (Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii) 2014 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in Selank
Intramuscular Risk at Insulin Injection Sites, Measurement of the Distance from Skin to Muscle and Rationale for Shorter Length Needles for Subcutaneous Insulin Therapy
Hirsch, Byron, and Gibney, Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics 2014 (opens source in a new tab)· Cohort study
Cited in What to buy: syringes, needles, and the rest of the kit
The regenerative peptide thymosin beta 4 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patients
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2012 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in TB-500
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases
Brzoska T, Luger TA, Maaser C, Abels C, Böhm M (Endocrine Reviews) 2008 (opens source in a new tab)· Review
Cited in KPV
Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new peptide anxiolytic selank in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorders and neurasthenia (in Russian)
Zozulia AA et al. (Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii) 2008 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Selank
Intranasal administration of the peptide Selank regulates BDNF expression in the rat hippocampus in vivo
Inozemtseva LS et al. (Doklady Biological Sciences) 2008 (opens source in a new tab)· Animal study
Cited in Selank
Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults
Teichman SL et al. (Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism) 2006 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in CJC-1295
Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog
Cited in CJC-1295
Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus
Dolotov OV et al. (Brain Research) 2006 (opens source in a new tab)· Animal study
Cited in Semax
Semax in prevention of disease progress and development of exacerbations in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency (in Russian)
Gusev EI et al. (Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii) 2005 (opens source in a new tab)· Cohort study
Cited in Semax
Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141 in healthy males and patients with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction
Diamond LE et al. (International Journal of Impotence Research) 2004 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in PT-141
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers
Gobburu JV et al. (Pharmaceutical Research) 1999 (opens source in a new tab)· Other
Cited in Ipamorelin
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue
Raun K et al. (European Journal of Endocrinology) 1998 (opens source in a new tab)· Animal study
Cited in Ipamorelin
Synthetic ACTH analogue Semax displays nootropic-like activity in humans
Kaplan AYa et al. (Neuroscience Research Communications) 1996 (opens source in a new tab)· Randomized trial
Cited in Semax
GHK-Cu increases collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix accumulation in a rat wound model
Wound healing study (rat model) 1993 (opens source in a new tab)· Animal study
Cited in GHK-Cu
Diphosphopyridine nucleotide in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of drug addiction. A preliminary report
O'Hollaren P (Western Journal of Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology) 1961 (opens source in a new tab)· Case report
Cited in NAD+
Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP, product label (Hospira, Inc.)
Pfizer labeling (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in What to buy: syringes, needles, and the rest of the kit
BPC-157: Experimental Peptide Creates Risk for Athletes
U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in BPC-157 human trials 2026: the first US placebo study
21 U.S. Code 353a, Pharmacy compounding (section 503A)
Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (opens source in a new tab)· Regulatory record
Cited in Empower Pharmacy warning letter: what it means in 2026
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